Thu, 27 Sep 2012 13:00 GMT
By Thin Lei Win
BANGKOK (AlertNet) – Organised crime trade worth billions of dollars
is responsible for 50 to 90 percent of illegal logging in parts of the
Amazon basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia, with implications for
deforestation, climate change and the well-being of indigenous people,
said a report released Thursday.
“Green Carbon: Black Trade,”
by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and INTERPOL, said
illegal logging is now worth $30 to $100 billion annually and accounts
for 15 to 30 percent of the overall timber trade.
Most wood products with illegal origin are destined for China, while
Japan, the EU and the United States are also primary importers.
“Illegal logging is not on the decline, rather it is becoming more
advanced as cartels become better organised,” said the heads of UNEP and
INTERPOL in the report’s preface.
Conflict, corruption, decentralised government structures and weak
environmental laws fuel the practice, with criminal groups combining
old-fashioned tactics such as bribes with high-tech methods including
hacking government websites to obtain permits, said the report.
“Murder, violence, threats and atrocities against indigenous
forest-living peoples,” also are problems associated with the trade, the
report said.
Criminals are using an increasingly sophisticated range of tactics,
the report said, from laundering illegal logs through a web of palm oil
plantations and saw mills, to shifting activities between regions and
countries to avoid local and international policing efforts.
An internationally coordinated law enforcement scheme and training
effort – estimated to cost around $20 to $30 million annually – is
essential to substantially reduce the crimes, the report said.
“As long as the profits in illegal logging remain high and the risks
of getting caught are very low, there is little incentive to abandon
illegal practices,” it warned.
UNDERMINING CLIMATE EFFORTS
Protecting forest is important for a range of reasons, from
maintaining biodiversity and natural systems such as water filtration
and consistent rainfall to protecting their ability to store carbon
dioxide, one of the primary greenhouses gases emitted by burning fossil
fuels and blamed for climate change.
Deforestation, largely of tropical forests in countries such as
Brazil, Indonesia, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is
responsible for around 17 percent of all man-made emissions - larger
than those emitted by ships, aviation and land transport combined, said
UNEP.
Illegal deforestation also undermines attempts to mitigate climate
change through programmes such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and forest Degradation (REDD+) which provides payments to forest
countries and communities for conserving forests.
“Reducing deforestation, and especially illegal logging, is... the
fastest, most effective and least controversial means to reduce global
emissions of climate gases,” said the report.
A much-heralded apparent decline in illegal logging in the 2000s was
only temporary, the report said, marking a shift from obvious activity
to more advanced laundering operations. Those have included things such
as criminals benefitting from tax fraud and misuse of government
subsidies, the report said.
It described more than 30 ways of procuring and laundering illegal
timber, including mixing illegally logged logs with legal ones and
selling them as part of legal land clearing operations for palm oil or
soy plantations.
“Much of the laundering of illegal timber is only possible due to
large flows of funding from investors based in Asia, the EU and the US,
including investments through pension funds,” the report said.
HUGE PROFITS
The illegal business is highly profitable, with revenues up to 5-10
times higher than legal timber cutting for all parties involved,
including corrupt police and judicial figures. In most cases,
governments, law enforcement officers and ordinary citizens are the
losers.
In Indonesia, the amount of logs allegedly produced through
plantations increased from 3.7 million cubic metres in 2000 to over 22
million in 2008, the report said. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime
estimates that less than half of the plantations actually existed.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, over 200 rangers in the Virunga
National Park have been killed in the past 10 years defending the park
boundaries against militias operating a charcoal trade estimated to be
worth over $28 million annually.
“Demand for timber or wood products is rising in many countries,
including China, which is expected to almost double its wood consumption
by 2020,” the report said. World demand for timber is expected to
increase by 70 percent by 2020, it said.
INTERPOL and UNEP are hoping a pilot project called LEAF (Law Enforcement Assistance for Forests) could be the answer.
The programme will provide assistance to INTERPOL member countries on
a range of forest-related issues, including training in intelligence
gathering and help building a structure and platform suitable to enforce
national laws governing forestry and to meet international commitments
such as REDD.
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/organised-crime-behind-up-to-90-percent-of-tropical-deforestation-report
*Pic: A tree stump sits in a clearing cut by a
timber company next to the village of Areias in Trairao, in the
Brazilian state of Para, on May 27, 2012. REUTERS/Nacho Doce